Philippine Journal of Psychology

1998, Vol. 31

1998

Psychology in a Changing Afro-Asian World:
Papers from the 4th Afro-Asian Conference

Contents

How We Raise Our Daughters and Sons: Child-rearing and Gender Socialization in the Philippines
Ma. Emma Concepcion D. Liwag, Alma S. de la Cruz, and Ma. Elizabeth J. Macapagal

The literature on Filipino child-rearing practices as they relate to gender socialization was surveyed in order to describe child-rearing attitudes, beliefs, expectations, and practices from early childhood to late adolescence which demonstrate explicit and implicit differential socialization for sons and daughters. Findings from more than a hundred empirical and conceptual papers on Filipino child-rearing indicated that specific expectations of masculine and feminine behaviors were mirrored in the family in six socialization areas, including 1) parental preferences for children of one gender or another; 2) what parents expect of their daughters in contrast to what they expect of their sons, and consequently; 3) how parents raise their daughters in contrast to how they raise their sons; 4) how families invest their resources unequally upon daughters and sons; 5) the types of differential responsibility training given to daughters and sons; and 6) parental modeling as indicated by differences in the child-rearing behaviors of mothers and fathers. The review affirmed the role of the family as the major site of gender socialization of Filipino children.
Psychotherapy in Africa
Karl Peltzer

Psychotherapy in Africa is divided into traditional or faith healing and western psychotherapy. The settings of traditional healing methods are distinguished according to (1) the episodic out-patient setting, (2) the continuous out-patient setting, and (3) the in-patient setting. Furthermore culture-specific treatment methods are characterized by (1) relationship to the body, (2) action, codified rituals, emotion and associated processes of regression, catharsis and flooding, (3) spiritual dimension and inclusion of altered states of consciousness, and (4) wholistic methods. Western psychotherapy in Africa is summarized, and an integrative psychotherapy approach for African clients is outlined on the basis of a cross-cultural model considering 10 cultural categories: (1) time frame/focus, (2) clear-cut (directive/caring role model, (3) gender focus/identity, (4) person-centered and multilateral identification, (5) locus of control, (6) defence/coping, (7) core relationship, (8) age-group/peer group relationship, (9) body/emotion-mind focus, (10) cognitive/emotional style.
Womanhood at the Crossroads: The Lumad Perspective
Alexis P. Abrenica

The concept of womanhood before and after menopause was explored among Mansaka women using a focused group discussion. The Mansaka is an indigenous tribe in Southern Mindanao. The results show that for the Mansaka women, womanhood is intimately interwoven into the relationship and service to husband and children before menopause and service to husband, children, and grandchildren after menopause. Menopause is a non-event in view of the women's acquiescent acceptance of aging as part of the cycle of life.
Age Difference of Stroop Effect in Chinese
Lin Zhongxian

This experimental study explored the age difference of color-word interference effect in Chinese people. Results indicated that Stroop effect existed as a general phenomena, whether in children, youth and middle age or old aged subjects. Youth and middle age subjects showed less color-word interference effect than children and old aged subjects. Due to different S-R pattern, Stroop effect obviously continued to influence the response of reading colored words afterwards, the coding and processing was more complex, the longer time of reading was needed.
The Inclusion Of Multicultural Competencies Across The Curriculum In Higher Education
Noël B. Peters

The paper explicates utilization of multicultural competencies at the California School of Profession Psychology (CSPP) as a model for inclusion in institutions of higher education. CSPP, composed of four campuses, each with its own multicultural emphasis areas, is the largest professional school in the United States for the training of psychologists. A systemwide Institute, namely the Multicultural Research, Intervention, Research, Intervention, and Training Institute (MERIT) facilitates collaboration in training, research and multicultural development of all campuses and other diversity activities. In addition, the paper provides suggestions for structuring a department of multicultural education at a graduate institute. Archival material from the MERIT Institute by various authors has been utilized with citations in the reference section.